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Olas de Calor en la ciudad de Barcelona: 1971-2020

Heat Waves in Barcelona City: 1971-2020
Authors: Arellano Ramos, Blanca; Roca Cladera, Josep; Serra de Larrocha, Carina; Martínez Santafé, Maria Dolors; Biere Arenas, Rolando Mauricio; Lana Pons, Francisco Javier;

Olas de Calor en la ciudad de Barcelona: 1971-2020

Abstract

Els esdeveniments extrems associats amb altes temperatures tenen un impacte en la salut, els seus ecosistemes i, per tant, en l’economia. Com a part del projecte X-ClimPlan, aquest estudi té com a objectiu estudiar les onades de calor a la ciutat de Barcelona entre el 1971 i el 2020, partint de la definició d’onada de calor segons l’AEMET. Això no obstant, aquesta definició té la limitació de referir-se únicament a temperatures màximes. Tot i que aquestes poden tenir greus conseqüències, especialment per cop de calor, els efectes sobre la salut són més acusats en el cas de la calor nocturna, on la impossibilitat de descansar pot provocar empitjorament de malalties respiratòries i cardiovasculars que produeixen morts prematures. Per això, lestudi diferencia entre onades de calor diürnes i nocturnes. Atès que el clima urbà presenta una variació espacial, la investigació parteix de la informació proporcionada per quatre estacions meteorològiques: Observatori Fabra, CMT, Raval i Aeroport, proposant un model OLS per a les quatre estacions i considerant l’any, el mes i el dia del calendari (cd) com a variables explicatives. Tot i que els increments de temperatura difereixen significativament depenent de la localització de l’estació, els resultats expliquen i confirmen que el procés d’escalfament global per sobre dels 2°C tant a les màximes com a les mínimes ja és una realitat a Barcelona. Així mateix, demostra una marcada diferència en els esdeveniments de calor extrema entre diferents ubicacions urbanes; la proximitat al mar, l’altitud, la diferent densitat urbana i la quantitat i la qualitat del verd urbà tenen un efecte determinant en la resiliència a esdeveniments extrems. Extreme events associated with high temperatures impact on the people’s health and their ecosystem, thus the economy. As part of the X-ClimPlan project, this study aims to study heat waves in the city of Barcelona between 1971 and 2020, using the AEMET definition of a heat wave. However that definition refers only to maximum temperatures. High temperatures can have serious consequences in human health, for example, leading to a heat stroke, but it is during nighttime heat, where the inability to rest can worsen respiratory and cardiovascular diseases that cause premature deaths. For this reason, the study differentiates between daytime and nighttime heat waves. Given that the urban climate presents a spatial variation, the research starts with the information provided by four weather stations: Fabra Observatory, CMT, Raval and Airport, and proposes an OLS model for the four stations, considering the year, month and calendar day (cd) as explanatory variables. Even though the temperature in all stations increase, there are differences depending on the location. The results explain and confirm that the process of global warming above 2°C, both in maximum and in minimums, is already a reality in Barcelona. The results also demonstrate a marked difference in extreme heat events between different urban locations; suggesting sea proximity, altitude, different urban density and the quantity and quality of urban greenery have a determining effect on resilience to extreme events. Los eventos extremos asociados con altas temperaturas tienen un impacto en la salud, sus ecosistemas y por tanto en la economía. Como parte del proyecto X-ClimPlan, este estudio tiene como objetivo estudiar las olas de calor en la ciudad de Barcelona entre 1971 y 2020, partiendo de la definición de ola de calor según la AEMET. No obstante, dicha definición tiene la limitación de referirse únicamente a temperaturas máximas. Si bien éstas pueden tener graves consecuencias, especialmente por golpe de calor, los efectos sobre la salud son más acusados en el caso del calor nocturno, donde la imposibilidad de descansar puede provocar empeoramiento de enfermedades respiratorias y cardiovasculares que producen muertes prematuras. Por ello, el estudio diferencia entre olas de calor diurnas y nocturnas. Dado que el clima urbano presenta una variación espacial, la investigación parte de la información proporcionada por cuatro estaciones meteorológicas: Observatorio Fabra, CMT, Raval y Aeropuerto, proponiendo un modelo OLS para las cuatro estaciones y considerando el año, el mes y el día del calendario (cd) como variables explicativas. Aun cuando los incrementos de temperatura difieren significativamente dependiendo de la localización de la estación, los resultados explican y confirman que el proceso de calentamiento global por encima de los 2°C tanto en las máximas como en las mínimas es ya una realidad en Barcelona. Asimismo, demuestra una marcada diferencia en los eventos de calor extremo entre diferentes ubicaciones urbanas; la proximidad al mar, la altitud, la diferente densidad urbana y la cantidad y calidad del verde urbano tienen un efecto determinante en la resiliencia a eventos extremos.

Country
Spain
Keywords

Fenòmens meteorològics extrems, Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Urbanisme, Resilience, Escalfament global, Global warming, Urban heat island, Climatic changes, Ola de calor nocturna, Calentamiento global, Resiliència, Illa de calor urbana, Resiliencia, Extreme climate events, Night heat wave, Onada de calor nocturna, Fenómenos meteorológicos extremos, Canvis climàtics

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
views
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