Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) in lentic, low tidal water bodies with high concentrations of easily assimilated nutrients have generated worldwide concern. However, CyanoHABs often formed from a variety of lesser-known taxa, such as nanocyanobacteria and picocyanobacteria, which are characterized as numerous and ubiquitous in diverse environments. Studies indicate that some taxa of picocyanobacteria can produce toxins. However, their identification through conventional methods is limited by their size and physiological plasticity, recently molecular methods have been chosen for more reliable results. this systematic review aims to summarize the results of original research articles on predominant picocyanobacteria in surface water bodies collected in indexed journal articles and gray literature. The methodology used consisted of searching for original publications in 3 specific databases and one general, using thesauri and free terms; the articles were filtered by previously defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Thirty-four articles were selected and analyzed. The results show that the predominant picocyanobacteria in freshwater systems belong to the genus Synechococcus, reported in oligotrophic systems and capable of producing cyanotoxins. Likewise, from 2015 to 2019, the largest number of publications on this topic was obtained, mainly in countries such as China and the United States, which invest in research resources.