Cervical cancer is a major global health issue; it is a leading cause of gynecological cancer deaths in developing countries. Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types is the primary cause of cervical cancer. In 2020, the WHO reported about 604,000 new cases and 342,000 deaths worldwide, with nearly 90% of these deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries due to disparities in healthcare access, screening, and prevention. Without major interventions, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) projects that by 2030, cases will rise to about 700,000 and deaths to 400,000 – an increase of 21% and 27%, respectively – mostly affecting poorer nations. This chapter aims to review the biology and pathogenesis of HPV and its crucial contribution to advances in cervical cancer diagnosis and therapy. A literature search of major databases identified studies on HPV and advances in cervical cancer diagnosis and treatment, using relevant keywords. Peer-reviewed English articles published were included, ensuring comprehensive coverage of current evidence. The discovery of HPV as the cause of cervical cancer has revolutionized its diagnosis and treatment. Advances in understanding HPV biology have revolutionized cervical cancer prevention and management. HPV-based molecular screening and biomarkers have improved detection accuracy, while prophylactic vaccines have greatly reduced disease incidence. Emerging therapeutic vaccines and immunotherapies offer new treatment possibilities, making HPV-centered innovations key to the global effort toward cervical cancer elimination. With these innovations and comprehensive prevention strategies, the world now holds the potential for the global elimination of cervical cancer.