
Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disorder of unknown aetiology that most commonly affects the lungs and intrathoracic lymph nodes. However, extrapulmonary involvement occurs in up to 50% of cases and may represent the initial or even the only manifestation of disease. Cardiac, neurologic, ocular, cutaneous, hepatic, renal, and musculoskeletal involvement are among the most clinically significant extrapulmonary presentations and may substantially influence prognosis. Although the diagnosis of sarcoidosis typically involves a combination of clinical observations, imaging findings, and histopathological confirmation of noncaseating granulomas, it also excludes alternative causes. Nearly half of sarcoidosis cases show extrapulmonary involvement, which can complicate diagnosis and treatment, especially in the absence of pulmonary symptoms. Although corticosteroids are the primary treatment, long-term use poses risks. Healthcare providers may consider steroid-sparing immunosuppressive agents, local anti-inflammatory medications, and biologic therapies such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors for refractory or severe cases. This chapter overviews extrapulmonary sarcoidosis, detailing its organ-specific clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and current treatment strategies. Recent advancements in imaging techniques, including computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET), have significantly enhanced our ability to detect and characterise extrapulmonary manifestations. Emphasising early recognition and a multidisciplinary approach, the chapter aims to improve patient outcomes by ensuring timely and effective management for those affected by this complex condition.
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