Cerebral hemodynamics encompasses the regulation of blood flow within the brain to sustain oxygen and nutrient delivery while maintaining intracranial homeostasis. This chapter offers a comprehensive review of the anatomical structures and physiological mechanisms involved, including the arterial and venous systems, the protective role of the blood-brain barrier, and the metabolic demands of neural tissue. The chapter details the relationships among cerebral perfusion, arterial pressure, vascular resistance, and intracranial pressure, emphasizing how they influence cerebral blood flow. Regulatory systems such as chemical, metabolic, neurogenic, myogenic, and endothelial pathways modulate perfusion to adapt to physiological variations. Clinical monitoring techniques, including pressure measurement, ultrasound-based flow assessment, near-infrared spectroscopy for oxygenation, advanced perfusion imaging, and extracellular fluid analysis, are discussed in the context of neurocritical care and surgery. The chapter explores the pathophysiological changes associated with various neurological disorders such as ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid bleeding, brain tumors, fluid accumulation disorders, and global brain ischemia. Therapeutic strategies aimed at optimizing brain perfusion, controlling intracranial pressure, modulating respiratory gases, performing surgical decompression, administering neuroprotective agents, regulating body temperature, and applying emerging treatments are reviewed. The chapter concludes by examining new technologies, including artificial intelligence, wearable noninvasive monitors, advanced imaging techniques, computer-based modeling, and personalized medical approaches. Ethical considerations surrounding invasive monitoring, interindividual variability, resource limitations, informed consent, and the role of automated decision-support systems are also addressed.