The kidneys play an important role in controlling arterial blood pressure by regulating extracellular fluid volume, through excretion of sodium and water, which is called pressure natriuresis, or diuresis. Sodium and water homeostasis is controlled by the integrated physiological functions of organ systems, including renal mechanisms, but also with an influence of the renal and non-renal sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, cardiac natriuretic peptides, antidiuretic hormone, and oxytocin). Pressure natriuresis represents the basal level for arterial blood pressure dysregulation. The imbalance of complex renal and non-renal hemodynamic and neurohumoral mechanisms leads to the disruption of antidiuretic mechanisms, which results in the development of arterial hypertension. Knowledge of all mechanisms enables an integrated understanding of the regulation of arterial blood pressure, which is a key step in the targeted and individual treatment of one of the most common diseases today.