Animal breeding is based on the principle that the traits of parents are reflected in their offspring to varying degrees due to differences in heritability. An animal breeding program requires a succession of seven circular steps: (1) description of the production system; (2) defining the breeding goal; (3) collecting the phenotypes, the genotypes, and genetic relationships among the animals; (4) to estimate breeding values for the selection criteria; (5) selecting and mating the animals; (6) the strategy of disseminating of the selection gain; and, in the end of circle, (7) evaluation of the genetic improvement and the genetic diversity. The key aspects of the animal breeding process, along with its challenges and strategies to overcome them, will be explained.