Epiretinal membrane (ERM) is formed at the vitreoretinal interface that leads to a myriad of visual disturbances includes decrease in visual acuity (VA), stereopsis, contrast sensitivity and metamorphopsia. Most common etiology of ERM is posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) and is usually labeled as idiopathic. Secondary ERMs arise from several causes including cataract surgery, retinal tears and detachment, diabetic retinopathy, uveitis etc. Multiple cell lines, cytokines, proteins, and genes play a role in the formation and progression of ERMs. In this chapter, we aim to summarize the current evidence related to etiology, pathophysiology, and management of ERM.