
doi: 10.5772/50668
Productivity in different welding techniques can be improved by increasing welding speed and current. This strategy, however, is limited by the appearance of surface defects such as rippling, humping, undercutting, etc [1]. Weld ripples exhibit rather regular, arc-shaped topographic features on a solidified surface, for example, as shown in Figure 1 in EBW of Al 6061 [2]. The ripples slightly elevate above the surface. Figure 2 shows a rippling structure on silicon surface irradiated by a p-polarized laser beam, provided by Pedraza et al. [3]. Notice tiny little “fingers” in lower rim of fringes and asymmetry in fringe profile taken in downward direction.
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