
doi: 10.5772/18902
Textile industry is one of the most water and chemical intensive industries worldwide due to the fact that 200-400 liters of water are needed to produce 1 kg of textile fabric in textile factories (Correia et al., 1994 & Orhon et al., 2003). The water used in this industry is almost entirely discharged as waste. Moreover, the loss of dye in the effluents of textile industry can reach up to 75% (Couto & Toca-Herrera, 2006). The effluents are considered very complex since they contain salt, surfactants, ionic metals and their metal complexes, toxic organic chemicals, biocides and toxic anions. Azo dyes are regarded as the largest class of synthetic. Approximately, 50–70% of the available dyes for commercial applications are azo dyes followed by the anthraquinone group (Konstantinou & Albanis, 2004). Azo dyes are classified according to the presence of azo bonds (–N=N–) in the molecule i.e., monoazo, diazo , triazo etc. and also sub-classified according to the structure and method of applications such as acid, basic, direct, disperse, azoic and pigments (Bhutani, 2008). Some azo dyes and their dye precursors are well-known of high toxicity and suspected to be human carcinogens as they form toxic aromatic amines (Gomes et al., 2003 & Stylidi et al., 2003). Different physical, chemical and biological as well as the various combinations of pretreatment and post-treatment techniques have been developed over the last two decades for industrial wastewaters treatment in order to meet the ever-increasing requirements of human beings for water. Though there are numerous studies published in this field, most of the techniques adopted by these researchers are uneconomical, ineffective or impractical uses (Cooper, 1995 & Stephen, 1995). Recent studies have demonstrated that heterogeneous photocatalysis is the most efficient technique in the degradation of colored chemicals(Li et al., 2003; Vione et al., 2003; Antharjanam et al., 2003; Fernandez-Ibanez et al., 2003; Liu et al., 2003; Ohno, 2004; Chen et al., 2004; Alkhateeb et al., 2005 & Attia et al., 2008). These studies used titanium dioxide and / or zinc oxide in the photolysis processes. The large bang gap of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide (~ 3.2 eV) put a limitation of using these semiconductors in photocatalytic degradation under natural weathering conditions. Only a small part of the overall solar intensity could be useful in such photodegradation processes. However, the existence of dye on the surface of catalyst reduces the energy required for excitation and then increases the efficiency of the excitation process by extending its absorption in the visible region of the spectrum.
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