
doi: 10.56519/433rx348
La contaminación del suelo por metales pesados e hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAP) representa una seria amenaza para los ecosistemas y la salud humana. La fitorremediación surge como una alternativa sostenible para la rehabilitación de estos suelos, pero su eficacia en ambientes con co-contaminación severa a menudo se ve limitada por el estrés tóxico que suprime el desarrollo vegetal. Si bien el bioaumento con microorganismos rizosféricos puede potenciar este proceso, los inoculantes comerciales frecuentemente fallan al no adaptarse a las condiciones específicas del suelo. Por ello, este estudio se orienta hacia la biorremediación con microorganismos nativos, partiendo de la hipótesis de que es posible aislar cepas autóctonas adaptadas a la co-contaminación, con capacidad para desarrollarse en la rizósfera y estimular el crecimiento vegetal. Para verificar esta hipótesis, se aislaron microorganismos nativos de un suelo contaminado con HAPs y metales, recolectando 15 muestras aleatorias en tres puntos (P, Q, R). De un total de 129 cepas iniciales, se seleccionaron 48 con morfologías distintivas (bacterias, levaduras y hongos). Estas fueron algunas pruebas de resistencia frente a una mezcla de HAPs (fluoranteno, benzo(β)fluoranteno, antraceno, benzo(α)antraceno y benzo(α)pireno) en tres concentraciones, y a diferentes niveles de pH (2,5, 4,0 y 7,5). Los resultados demostraron una superior tolerancia en las cepas fúngicas, identificándose ocho cepas capaces de crecer en todas las condiciones. Finalmente, se seleccionaron 23 cepas con base en su capacidad de adaptación a la rizósfera y potencial de degradación. Este trabajo sienta las bases para el desarrollo de un consorcio microbiano nativo aplicable en estrategias de fitorremediación asistida por bioaumento para suelos con co-contaminación compleja. ABSTRACT Soil contamination by heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HAPs) represents a serious threat to ecosystems and human health. Phytoremediation is emerging as a sustainable alternative for the rehabilitation of these soils, but its effectiveness in severely co-contaminated environments is often limited by toxic stress that suppresses plant growth. While bioaugmentation with rhizosphere microorganisms can enhance this process, commercial inoculants frequently fail due to their lack of adaptation to specific soil conditions. Therefore, this study focuses on bioremediation with native microorganisms, based on the hypothesis that it is possible to isolate native strains adapted to co-contamination, capable of developing in the rhizosphere and stimulating plant growth. To test this hypothesis, native microorganisms were isolated from soil contaminated with HAPs and metals, collecting 15 random samples at three locations (P, Q, R). From a total of 129 initial strains, 48 with distinctive morphologies (bacteria, yeasts, and fungi) were selected. These were resistance tests against a mixture of HAPs (fluoranthene, benzo(β)fluoranthene, anthracene, benzo(α)anthracene, and benzo(α)pyrene) at three concentrations and different pH levels (2.5, 4.0, and 7.5). The results demonstrated superior tolerance among the fungal strains, with eight strains capable of growing under all conditions being identified. Finally, 23 strains were selected based on their adaptability to the rhizosphere and their degradation potential. This work lays the foundation for the development of a native microbial consortium applicable in bioaugmentation-assisted phytoremediation strategies for soils with complex co-contamination.
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