The musculoskeletal diseases and injuries affect not only the musculoskeletal system itself, but also the closely related structures, such as blood vessels and nerves (both within the central and the peripheral nervous system). If these relationships are neglected or the directed neuroprotective and neuro-regeneration therapy is delayed, the final effect of the treatment is compromised. The aim if this paper is describing the important medical and social problem of peripheral neuropathies from the point of view of epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, imaging diagnostics and complex medical procedures using modern approaches and techniques, based on the available literature.