Micronutrients make up the central nervous system structure and play major functional roles: they stimulate nerve cell development, migration, and differentiation. The goal of this study is to review the scientific literature regarding the role of micronutrients in infant brain structure and function. Thus, we aim at providing pediatricians with knowledge on the importance of introducing all nutrients into the diet based on breast milk composition. The following databases were reviewed: MEDLINE, through PubMed, TRIP Database, and LILACS. An adequate nutrient supply, including calcium, copper, choline, iron, folic acid, iodine, and vitamins during pregnancy and lactation and in complementary feeding will have an effect on brain development and/or function.