The social structure, division of political power, and operational mechanisms of modern Central Asian steppe states, dominated by nomadic peoples, are closely related to their foreign policy concepts and the formulation of diplomatic strategies. This paper uses a comparative case study method, focusing on Kalmyk Khanate and the Junior jüz of Kazakh Khanate in the 17th and 18th centuries. Through a comparative analysis of the power structures of these two states and their transformations, the study explores the causal relationship between the characteristics of state power structures and the formulation of foreign policy. The study finds that the internal cohesion formed by the social power structure of steppe states affects their military strength, the legitimacy of the ruler’s power, and the orientation of social demands, which represent the balance between “interest” and “independence” —important conditions for the stable operation of a nomadic society—thus exert practical influence on diplomatic concepts and policies.