The post-war expansion of government programs has seen the establishment of numerous tribunals to make decisions, or to hear appeals from government decisions, in areas as diverse as planning, migration and guardianship. At the same time, the need to regulate occupational groups has led to a proliferation of industry-specific disciplinary tribunals. All of these can be considered to be administrative tribunals, although no clear line separates them from “court- substitute” tribunals which adjudicate disputes relating to private rights and liabilities.