The archaeology and history of the Parthian period (c. 150 B.C. – A.D. 250) in Iraq has received little serious attention from scholars in recent years. This thesis used objects in British museum collections from Nineveh as a focus for the study of this period in Northern Mesopotamia, combining traditional archaeology and numismatic analysis with scientific studies. Chapter I presents a critical analysis of the excavated evidence for the occupation of Nineveh in the Parthian period with special attention to distinctive artefacts such as figurines, lamps, and molded bowls. Chapter II uses petrographic and chemical analysis of selected ceramics to elucidate the materials and methods of manufacture, with particular attention to identifying local and foreign wares. Special attention is paid to glazed wares. Chapter III is a numismatic study based on the major hoard of Parthian bronze coins of Nineveh. A complete re-classification of the hoard not only identifies a number of new coin types, but also provides a revised list of rulers who issued coins at Nineveh. Chapter IV investigates all aspects of Roman involvement with Nineveh and its place in the stormy relationship between Rome and Parthia. Evidence is advanced for there having been contingents of Roman troops stationed at Nineveh and the site placed within its context in the state of Adiabene.