The Human Development Index (HDI) measures the well-being of a population, considering factors like life expectancy, education, and income. This paper examines the link between the HDI and human capital in Romanian pre-university education. Human capital is crucial for advancing both the education sector and the economy, impacting social inclusion and long-term growth. The paper highlights the importance of knowledge development, professional training, and adapting to societal changes. It also explores how technological advancements and the knowledge economy shape education, emphasizing the need for continuous adaptation to labor market needs. Fostering human capital through education is key to improving Romania’s HDI and ensuring sustainable development.