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Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Bio-Based Solvents and Solubilizers

Synthese und Evaluierung Lösemittel und Lösevermittler biologischer Herkunft
Authors: Häckl, Katharina;

Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Bio-Based Solvents and Solubilizers

Abstract

Das wachsende Bewusstsein für bestehende Umweltprobleme hat dazu geführt, dass in den letzten Jahren die Sparte ‚grüne Chemie‘ an Bedeutung gewonnen hat. Insbesondere der Ersatz organischer Lösemittel durch nachhaltigere Alternativen wird dabei als wichtig erachtet. Grund dafür sind ihre vermehrte Freisetzung in die Umwelt durch Verdampfen, ihre Herkunft aus fossilen Rohstoffen und ihre Allgegenwärtigkeit in chemischen Prozessen und der Industrie. Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit war es, nachhaltige Lösemittel und dahingehende Konzepte zu entwickeln. In diesem Zuge wurden mehrere Substanzklassen anhand unterschiedlicher Methoden und Herangehensweisen untersucht. Natürlich vorkommendes L-Carnitin hat sich als geeignetes Ausgangsmaterial für die Herstellung ionischer Flüssigkeiten, kationischer Hydrotrope und Tenside erwiesen. Dazu wurde aus dem natürlichen Carnitin-Zwitterion auf zwei unterschiedlichen Wegen ein Carnitin-Ester synthetisiert und die Nachhaltigkeit der jeweiligen Reaktion geprüft. Die erhaltenen Carnitin-Ester und ihre wässrigen Lösungen wurden charakterisiert und ihre Anwendbarkeit getestet. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit handelt von den sogenannten ‚tiefen Eutektika‘, einer relativ neuen Lösemittel-Klasse, die hierdurch um einige bisher unbekannte Lösemittel erweitert werden konnte. Es wurde festgestellt, dass tiefe Eutektika, die Betain und Carnitin enthalten, zu einem gewissen Grad auch den Charakter ionischer Flüssigkeiten aufweisen. Nachweislich sind auch biologisch relevante Substanzen, zum Beispiel Antioxidanzien, im Stande, tief-eutektische Lösemittel zu bilden. Schließlich konnte gezeigt werden, dass natürliche Hormone, in diesem Fall die Natriumsalze von Dehydroepiandrosteron, Indol-3-Essigsäure und Indol-3-Buttersäure, Hydrotrop-Charakter besitzen. Diese Erkenntnis lässt darauf schließen, dass Hormone neben ihrer bekannten Wirkweise als Hormon noch andere Funktionen im Organismus übernehmen. Im Allgemeinen konnte durch diese Arbeit demonstriert werden, dass natürliche Substanzen und deren Derivative vielversprechende Ausgangsmaterialien zur Entwicklung nachhaltiger, alternativer Lösemittel und Lösevermittler darstellen.

The field of green chemistry rapidly gained interest in recent years due to the increasing visibility of present environmental problems. In particular, the replacement of conventional organic solvents is considered urgently important in view of the fact that they are often volatile compounds, obtained from petroleum resource and highly abundant in chemical processes and industry. The idea of this thesis was to develop new approaches towards the development of green, alternative solvents and solubilization concepts. Several substance classes accessed by means of different strategies were studied to reach this aim. Firstly, the naturally originating L-carnitine was found to be a valuable starting material for the development of ionic liquids, cationic hydrotropes and surfactants. Starting from the zwitterionic natural molecule, cationic carnitine ester species were synthesized and the greenness of the employed reaction pathways was evaluated. The properties of the resulting pure substances and aqueous solutions were determined next to their applicability in terms of solubilization. In a second approach, the rather new solvent class of deep eutectic solvents was studied by extending the so far investigated range of members of this class. Mixtures consisting of betaine or carnitine in combination with carboxylic acids were found to exhibit a certain ionic liquid character. Furthermore, the suitability of biologically relevant substances, such as antioxidants was assessed for the formation of functional deep eutectic solvents. Natural hormones, in particular sodium salts of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, indole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-butyric acid were found to feature hydrotropic character. This allowed for the consideration of hormones being relevant for mechanisms in the organism beyond their primary function as hormones. The presented work has shown that numerous approaches relying on the utilization of well-known natural substances or modified derivatives thereof hold promise for their use as solvents or solubilizers in green chemistry.

Country
Germany
Related Organizations
Keywords

ddc:540, 540 Chemie, Green Solvents, Ionic Liquids, Deep Eutectic Solvents, Hydrotropes, Hormones

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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