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Identification and characterization of LMX1B target genes

Identifizierung und Charakterisierung von LMX1B-Zielgenen
Authors: Stepanova, Natalya;

Identification and characterization of LMX1B target genes

Abstract

Mutationen im LMX1B Gen sind mit einer autosomal-dominanten Erkrankung namens Nagel-Patella-Syndrom verbunden, die Gliedmaßen, Augen, Gehirn und Nieren beeinflusst. Hauptziele von LMX1B in den Nieren sind die Fussfortsätze und Schlitzmembran der Podozyten. Auf der Suche nach den Genen die durch LMX1B reguliert sind, wurden Microarray-Studien an Glomeruli durchgeführt, welche aus induzierbaren Podozyten-spezifischen Lmx1b Knock-out-Mäusen isoliert wurden. Diese Analyse ergab einen signifikanten Anstieg in den mRNA-Niveaus von mehreren Genen im Vergleich zu Kontrollmäusen. Zur weiteren Untersuchung wurden drei vielversprechende LMX1B Zielgene gewählt: Abra (Actin-binding Rho-activating protein), Arl4c (ADP-ribosylation factor-like 4C) und Crct1 (Cystein-rich C-terminal 1). Die Bindung von LMX1B an seine Zielgene ist durch die zentrale Homeodomäne vermittelt, die spezifisch sogenannte FLAT (FAR linked AT-rich) - Elemente erkennt. Bioinformatische Studien der Promotorfragmente der möglichen LMX1B Zielgene führte zu der Identifizierung von LMX1B Bindeelementen in ABRA und ARL4C Promotorregionen. Die Analyse dieser Promotorregionen erfolgte unter Verwendung von Luciferase Reporter-Assays. Ihre Bedeutung wurde anschließend unter Verwendung ortsgerichteter Mutagenese-Studien verifiziert. Die subzelluläre und ultrastrukturelle Lokalisation der mit konfokaler und Elektronenmikroskopie untersuchten Proteine deutete auf ihre funktionelle Beteiligung mit dem Aktin-Zytoskelett hin. Weitere Studien zu den mutmaßlichen LMX1B Zielgenen ergaben, dass Abra, Arl4c und Crct1 zu einer erhöhten Bildung von F-Actin führt. Die erhaltenen Daten deuten auf eine Beteiligung der möglichen LMX1B Zielgene an einer Fehlregulation des Zytoskeletts hin. Diese führt zur Erhöhung der Festigkeit des Zytoskeletts. Neben dem Hauptthema dieser Arbeit wurde die Rolle von LMX1B in der Regulation der Dynamik von Zell-Matrix-Adhäsionen mit FRAP (Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching) untersucht. Diese Studien zeigten erstmals, dass die Diffusionszeit der Proteine α-Aktinin-1 und Aktin, nicht aber α-Aktinin-4, durch die Inaktivierung von Lmx1b maßgeblich betroffen sind. Zusammengenommen zeigen die Ergebnisse in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Bedeutung der mutmaßlichen LMX1B Zielgene an der Regulation des Aktin-Zytoskeletts, sowie die Beteiligung von LMX1B an der Regulation der Dynamik von Zell-Matrix-Adhäsionen.

Mutations in the LMX1B gene are associated with a rare autosomal-dominant disorder called nail-patella syndrome which affects limbs, eyes, brain and kidneys. The main LMX1B targets in kidneys are the foot processes and slit diaphragms of podocytes. In search for the genes which are regulated by LMX1B, microarray studies on glomeruli isolated from inducible podocyte-specific Lmx1b knock-out mice were performed. This analysis revealed a significant increase in the mRNA levels of several genes compared to control mice. For further investigation three promising LMX1B target genes were chosen: Abra (Actin-binding Rho-activating protein), Arl4c (ADP-ribosylation factor-like 4C) and Crct1 (Cystein-rich C-terminal 1). The binding of LMX1B to its target genes is mediated by the central homeodomain which specifically recognizes so-called FLAT (FAR linked AT-rich) elements. Bioinformatic studies of promoter fragments of the putative LMX1B target genes led to the identification of LMX1B binding elements within the ABRA and ARL4C promoter regions which were then analyzed using luciferase reporter assays. Their importance was verified by site-directed mutagenesis studies. The subcellular and ultrastructural localization of the proteins under investigation by confocal and electron microscopy suggested their functional involvement with the actin cytoskeleton. Further studies on the putative LMX1B targets revealed that Abra, Arl4c and Crct1 lead to the increased formation of F-actin. The data obtained suggest a possible role of the putative LMX1B target genes in the dysregulation of the actin cytoskeleton by increasing its stiffness. In addition to the main topic of this thesis the role of LMX1B in the regulation of cell-matrix adhesion dynamics was investigated using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). These studies demonstrated for the first time that the protein turnover of α-actinin-1 and actin, but not α-actinin-4, was notably affected by the inactivation of Lmx1b. Taken together, the results reported in the present thesis demonstrated the role of the putative LMX1B target genes in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, as well as the role of LMX1B in the regulation of cell-matrix adhesion dynamics.

Country
Germany
Related Organizations
Keywords

570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie, ddc:570, LMX1B, Abra, Arl4c, Crct1, podocyte, actin cytoskeleton

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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