Genus Pupa Röding, 1798 Pupa R̂ding, 1798: 110. Type species: Bulla solidula Linnaeus, 1758, here designated (ICZN, 1999: Article 70.3). Solidula Fischer von Waldheim, 1807: 226. Type species: Bulla solidula Linnaeus, 1758, by absolute tautonymy. Dactylus Schumacher, 1817: 234. Type species: Dactylus punctatus Schumacher, 1817 [= Bulla solidula Linnaeus, 1758], by monotypy. Buccinulus Herrmannsen, 1852: 19. Type species: Bulla solidula Linnaeus, 1758, by monotypy. Strigopupa Habe, 1958: 117. Type species: Buccinulus strigosus Gould, 1859 [= Pupa affinis (A. Adams, 1855)], by original designation. Remarks. R̂ding (1798) introduced the genus name Pupa R̂ding, 1798 [sometimes the authorship is attributed to Bolten, see Suter (1813)] with no description and including two species. R̂ding (1798) refers to the first species with the name Pupa solidula, but with a reference to “the thick shelled pupa of Gmelin,” or the species that Gmelin (1791) refers to as Voluta flammea [= Maxacteon flammeus (Bruguière, 1789)]; the second species included by R̂ding (1798) in the genus Pupa is Pupa grisebla R̂ding, 1798, which is a new name for the species Gmelin (1971) referred to as Voluta solidula [= Pupa solidula (Linnaeus, 1758)]. Subsequently, Suter (1913) designated Pupa solidula (Linnaeus, 1758) as the type species, but Suter (1913) did not clarify whether he was referring to Pupa solidula (Linnaeus, 1758) or “ Pupa solidula ” sensu R̂ding (1798) [= Maxacteon flammeus (Bruguière, 1789)]. Dodge (1955) and Rudman (1971) erroneously indicated that Suter (1913) designated Pupa grisebla R̂ding, 1798 as the type species of Pupa. According to Article 70.3 of the Code (ICZN, 1999), if an author discovers that a type species was misidentified, the author may select, and thereby fix as type species, the species that will best serve stability and universality. Thus, Bulla solidula Linnaeus, 1758 is here designated as the type species of Pupa. Fischer von Waldheim (1807) introduced the genus Solidula based on several species, including Bulla solidula Linnaeus, 1758, which is the type by absolute tautonymy. Because Solidula and Pupa have the same type species, these two names are objective synonyms. Schumacher (1817) described the genus Dactylus, with a short Latin text, for the new species Dactylus punctatus Schumacher, 1817, type species by monotypy. The description of Dactylus punctatus also includes a short Latin description (biplicate columella, upright aperture) and references to Bulla solidula Linnaeus, 1758 [= Pupa solidula], Voluta solidula (Linnaeus, 1758) sensu Chemnitz (1787 –88: 154–156, pl. 149, fig. 1405), and the non-binominal name “ Auricula Midae non fimbriata ” (listed as “ Auricula punctata ”) described by Martini (1773: 124, pl. 43, figs. 440–441), which corresponds to Voluta sulcata Gmelin, 1791 [= Pupa sulcata]. Thus, Dactylus is a synonym of Pupa. Gray (1847) and other authors considered Bulla solidula as the type species of Dactylus. Herrmannsen (1852) mentioned for the first time the genus name Buccinulus in binominal form, based on the pre-Linnean name “ Buccinulus ” of Planci (1739: 24, pl. 2, fig. 8). Therefore, Herrmannsen’s (1852) work constitutes the original description of the genus, with Bulla solidula Linnaeus, 1758, as the type species by monotypy. Other authors (see Pilsbry, 1893) have assigned the authorship of Buccinulus to Adams & Adams (1854), who two years after Herrmannsen (1852) provided a description for Buccinulus with authorship also attributed to Plancus (Planci, 1739: 24, pl. 2, fig. 8). Adams & Adams (1854) regarded Pupa R̂ding, 1798, Solidula Fischer von Waldheim, 1807, and Dactylus Schumacher, 1817 as synonyms of Buccinulus. Adams & Adams (1854) considered Buccinulus as distinct from Acteon because of the presence of a double fold in the columella, but in the illustration by Planci (1739: 24, pl. 2, fig. 8), this double fold is not visible, and the latter probably constitutes a species of a different genus of Acteonidae, most likely Acteon tornatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) (see Pilsbry, 1893). Because Buccinulus and Pupa have the same type species, these two names are objective synonyms. Habe (1958) described the new subgenus Strigopupa Habe, 1958 for Pupa strigosa sekii Habe, 1958 because of some differences in the radular morphology with other species of Pupa. Pupa sekii is either considered a synonym of Pupa affinis (Beu, 2004) or a valid species of Pupa (Helwerda, 2015; Chaban, 2016), thus Strigopupa is considered a synonym of Pupa.

Published as part of Valdés, Ángel, Feliciano, Kendall & Malaquias, Manuel A. E., 2023, The genus Pupa Röding, 1798 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Acteonidae) in New Caledonia with notes on Recent species, pp. 471-506 in Zootaxa 5270 (3) on pages 475-476, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7860353