Key to subfamilies and tribes of Delphacidae 1 Post-tibial spur quadrate or spine-like in cross section, always without teeth on inner (trailing) margin (Fig. 2A), setae scattered or in regular rows (Fig. 2B); row of spines on apex of hind tibiae continuous and equal in size (Fig. 2A), or with median spine (3 rd spine) reduced (Fig. 2B); mesonotum with 4 to 5 carinae (Figs 2C, D); subantennal carinae on genae weak (Fig. 2F) or absent (Fig. 2G); gonapophyses apex with row of teeth (Figs 6, 7)................................... Asiracinae (2) - Post-tibial spur usually flattened in cross section and with row of teeth on inner margin (Fig. 2I); if teeth absent, then spur flattened and often with a single tooth at apex (i.e., Tropidocephalini and rarely in Delphacini; Fig. 2J); setae usually absent on spur, but may be present along inner margin (Fig. 2K); spines on apex of hind tibiae unequal in size and orientation [usually grouped as 2 outer and 3+ inner, sometimes one spine is anterior to row (Figs 2I - K)]; 3 carinae on mesonotum (Fig. 2E); subantennal carinae on genae developed (Fig. 2H); gonapophyses variable........................................... 8 2 Post-tibial spur quadrate in cross section, setae in regular rows on angles; row of spines on apex of hind tibiae with median spine displaced basad (Fig. 2B); carinae on genae absent (Fig. 2G)............................................. 3 - Post-tibial spur spine-like (rounded) in cross section, setae irregularly arranged; row of spines on apex of hind tibiae equal in length, lacking displaced medial spine (Fig. 2A); weak carina on genae (Fig. 2F)................................... 4 3 Well-defined bend (flexion) of forewing at nodal line when wings in repose (black bar, Fig. 3A); straight intermediate carina on mesonotum (Fig. 3B); vertex not narrow and extending past eyes; small tooth or protuberance near apex of gonapophyses IX (Fig. 7); Indomalayan distribution............................................................ Eodelphacini - Flexion of forewing obscure when wings in repose, sclerotized markings present on cells near apex of Sc/R 1 of forewing (pterostigma; Fig. 3C); vertex narrow, extending anteriorly beyond eyes (Fig. 3D); tooth absent near apex of gonapophyses IX (Figs 6C, D); widespread in tropics (except Africa).................................................... Ugyopini 4 Antennae flattened, foliaceous, and elongate (Fig. 3E), exceeding apex of mesonotum [e.g., Copicerus spp., Asiraca spp.)]; carinae weak on genae (Fig. 2F); gonapophyses with 29–58 teeth, membranous sheath along ventral apical third (Figs 6A, B); Neotropical, Palearctic, Afrotropical distribution....................................................... Asiracini - Antennal segments cylindrical (Fig. 3F), if flattened, then antennae short (not reaching apex of mesonotum); gonapophyses not as above; New World............................................................................... 5 5 One vertical median carina on frons (Fig. 3G); apex of gonapophyses with small teeth concentrated on apex (Fig. 8); Caribbean and/or Neotropical distribution....................................................................... 6 - Two vertical median carinae on frons (Fig. 3H); 16–26 lobed, well-separated teeth along entire length of gonapophyses (Fig. 9); widespread in New World................................................................... Idiosystatini 6 Abdomen dorsoventrally flattened (Fig. 3I), body depressed, size greater than 4 mm; forewings not deeply lobed; gonapophyses shaft with 13 rounded, well-separated teeth (Fig. 8A); Caribbean distribution.......................... Neopunanini - Abdomen not dorsoventrally flattened, size less than 4 mm; forewings deeply lobed (Fig. 3J); gonapophyses shaft without teeth (Figs 8B, C); Neotropical distribution................................................................. 7 7 Vertex much broader than long, bearing transverse keel-shaped sub-median carina (Fig. 2D); 5 mesonotal carinae; head not narrower than pronotum; gonapophyses with small protuberance near apex, 13 lobed teeth (Fig. 8B).......... Platysystatini - Vertex longer than broad, without transverse keel-shaped submedian carinae (Fig. 4B); head narrower than pronotum; gonapophyses strongly curvilinear (Fig. 8C)............................................................. Tetrasteirini 8 Post-tibial spur weakly flattened with setae and 5–12 large conical teeth on inner margin (Fig. 2K); antennae elongate, reaching abdomen (Fig. 4G); distal part of aedeagus with short tube bearing apical gonopore (see Asche 1990, Figs 14, 15); gonapophyses with small, minute, rounded teeth (Fig. 10A); Indomalayan distribution.................... Vizcayinae: Vizcayini - Post-tibial spur flattened, lacking setae, usually with numerous teeth (often fine) on inner margin (teeth lacking, except apically, in Tropidocephalini and rarely Delphacini) (Figs 2I, J); antennae shorter, not reaching abdomen; gonapophyses without small, rounded teeth (Figs 20 –25)......................................................................... 9 9 Post-tibial spur flattened, with numerous large conical teeth; 4 inner spines, with 1 spine anterior to row on apex of basitarsus (Fig. 4A); inverted V-shaped carinae on vertex (Fig. 4C); semicircle-shaped gonapophyses (Fig. 10B); Neotropical distribution (plus Japan).............................................................. Plesiodelphacinae: Plesiodelphacini - Post-tibial spur flattened, usually foliaceous or tectiform with numerous fine teeth (except Tropidocephalini and rarely Delphacini; Figs 2A, B); basitarsus lacks 1 spine anterior to row; inverted V-shaped carinae on vertex absent; gonapophyses IX not semicircle-shaped.................................................................................... 10 10 Vertex slightly to greatly projected beyond eyes (Figs 4D, E); sometimes with black dot on genae (blemma) (Fig. 4F); aedeagus surrounded by membranous sheath (phallotheca) (Fig. 4H); subanal processes may be present (Fig. 4I); enlarged gonoplacs may be present (Fig. 5B); gonapophyses spatulate dorsally or linear laterally, teeth highly variable (Figs 11–15), posteriorly orientated along margin....................................................... Stenocraninae and Kelisiinae (11) - Vertex variable in length, usually not projecting beyond eyes (Fig. 2E); gonoplacs never enlarged; blemma absent; aedeagus usually entirely fused with phallotheca forming composite structure (sometimes termed theca), subanal processes absent (Fig. 5A); gonapophyses not as above (Figs 16–20).................................................. Delphacinae (12) 11 Post-tibial spur large, foliaceous and tectiform (tent-like) bearing fine black teeth along posterior margin (Fig. 5C); apex of basitarsus with 2 outer and 5 inner spines; blemma absent; aedeagus with well-developed phallotheca incompletely surrounding aedeagus (aedeagus movable with respect to phallotheca), phallotheca usually bearing ventrally directed apical process(es) (Fig. 4H); male anal tube bearing ventral processes; female usually with enlarged gonoplacs (Fig. 5B); gonapophyses spatulate, teeth shape variable (Figs 11–14); cosmopolitan distribution with most species Holarctic........................................................................................................ Stenocraninae: Stenocranini - Post-tibial spur smaller, slightly tectiform with large, flattened teeth (Fig. 5D); apex of basitarsus with 2 outer and 4 inner spines; blemma often present on genae (Fig. 4F); male genitalia with 1 to 2 elongate subanal processes (Fig. 4I); male anal tube without processes; female without enlarged gonoplacs; gonapophyses slight to strongly curvilinear, with numerous small and rounded teeth, apex strongly porrect, blunt or rounded (Fig. 15); Holarctic distribution................ Kelisiinae: Kelisiini 12 Two outer and 5 inner distal spines on posterior tibiae (Fig. 5E); basitarsus with 2 outer and six inner distal spines; aedeagus thin and often elongate (may be coiled at base and enclosed within sac formed by membranous diaphragm of pygofer); gonapophyses triangular-shaped dorsally, 15–23 rhomboid-shaped teeth (Fig. 16); fragile, thin-bodied delphacids, often green or yellow in life; Nearctic, Neotropical, and Caribbean distribution (1 species in far east [Japan, Korea, etc.])...................................................................................................... Saccharosydnini - Two outer and 3 inner distal spines on posterior tibiae (Figs 2I, J); basitarsus, aedeagus and gonapophyses not as above........................................................................................................ 13 13 Post-tibial spur without teeth along inner margin, apical tooth usually present (Fig. 2J); 2 outer and 4 inner spines on basitarsus (2+ 5 in Malaxa); theca closely associated with base of anal tube (suspensorium absent); base of theca asymmetrically twisted with basal process (see Bartlett, 2010b); diaphragm of male pygofer weakly sclerotized; gonapophyses strong to weakly sinuate with large, equally spaced teeth (Fig. 18); widespread (absent in Holarctic except western Europe)..... Tropidocephalini - Post-tibial spur with numerous black-tipped teeth on margin (rarely absent, e.g., Liburniella ornata); 2 outer and 5 inner spines on basitarsus (Fig. 2I); suspensorium well-developed; base of theca usually symmetrical (Fig. 5A); diaphragm of pygofer usually sclerotized with well-developed armature; gonapophyses IX sinuate with numerous sharp or rounded teeth, apex porrect and serrate (Figs 19, 20); diverse and cosmopolitan................................................... Delphacini

Published as part of Wallner, Adam M. & Bartlett, Charles R., 2019, Comparative morphology of female gonapophyses IX in Delphacidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoromorpha) with key to tribes, pp. 137-172 in Zootaxa 4564 (1) on pages 140-141, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4564.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/2588807