Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) is a syndrome characterized by a diffuse, acute muscular weakness that develops with hypotonia and deep or abolished hypoactive reflexes. Literature review of the last five years in the databases Pubmed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science. Data were collected from epidemiological studies using the keywords. AFP includes heterogeneous diseases, variable clinical presentation, and correlated with a specific etiology. The differential diagnosis of acute flaccid paralysis includes spinal cord diseases, acute polyneuropathies, myoneural plaque dysfunction, and muscle disease. PFAs represents a set of disorders used by the World Health Organization (WHO) as an indicator of polio eradication. Therefore, the knowledge and understanding of the respective etiologies are necessary to make their differential diagnosis and appropriate treatment.