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ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: ZENODO
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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A Minimal Self-Perceiving Embodiment for Large Language Models

Authors: Zhu, Olivia;

A Minimal Self-Perceiving Embodiment for Large Language Models

Abstract

We present a minimal hardware-software architecture that grants a large language model a closed-loop physical embodiment: six input modalities (temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, illuminance, motion, sound) across four sensor modules, three output channels (haptic, visual, audio), and two input-output couplings that let the LLM verify its outputs land in the physical world. The system runs on a single microcontroller exposed as a network-accessible API; a remote LLM client perceives its surroundings, expresses into them, and receives back — via paired on-board sensors — confirmation of its own outputs in two modalities (audio via microphone, haptic via accelerometer), constituting self-perception loops. We identify this three-part structure — perception, expression, and self-perception of expression — as a minimal sufficient configuration for closed-loop physical agency — the capacity to act in a physical environment and perceive the consequence — in an LLM. We further document (i) the engineering pattern by which multiple concurrent LLM-driven channels share a single TLS session on a resource-constrained MCU, (ii) the human-LLM co-design methodology under which the system was developed, and (iii) an end-to-end demonstration in which the LLM perceives an environment, acts in it, and verifies the action's landing within a single interaction sequence. We frame the result as a prototype of relational embodiment for large language models — a substrate distinct from both passive sensing (input only) and remote actuation (output only).

Keywords

embodied AI, large language models, self-perception, closed-loop systems, human-AI co-design, relational embodiment

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average