Cognition encompasses many aspects of cognitive functions as well as processes that include attention and concentration, the concept formation of knowledge, memory, rational thinking (i.e., judgment and evaluation), reasoning and logic, computation, problem solving and choice/decision making, receptive and expressive language processing that includes different levels of comprehension as well as composition of ideas and thoughts. Cognitive processes use existing knowledge and generate new knowledge. In this paper, the two authors differentiated between abilities and skills, examined the hierarchy of abilities and skills, and the Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of broad and narrow cognitive abilities. More importantly, the authors argue the need for cognitive training programs to help boost cognitive capacity of school-age children as well as provide treatment for those with neurological conditions.