Kidney diseases, such as acute and chronic renal failure, are significant medical concerns due to their severe health consequences. The kidneys play a vital role in blood filtration, toxin removal, water-salt balance maintenance, and blood pressure regulation. Dysfunction in these processes leads to various diseases that result in structural changes in kidney tissues and impaired function. This article discusses the pathophysiology, causes, and consequences of acute and chronic kidney failure, emphasizing the importance of timely diagnosis and treatment.