In modern linguistics, one of the current topics is the study of the relationships between languages, as one of the main means of transmission of meanings and the socio-cultural reality. Among the many challenges studied by the modern linguistics, an important place is the study of the linguistic aspects of cross-language speech activity, which is called «translation» or «translation activity». It is through the translation, we have access to the systems of meanings of other cultures, which with the help of translators acquire its interpretation. Translation implies a correct and clear rendering of what is expressed in one language by means of another language. Within the field of translation theory, certain notions have been researched from a wide range of perspectives and have been assigned a multitude of labels. Due to the confusing use of concepts and terms, we aim to present and define the most important ones, with which the translation theory operates, such as: translation procedure, translation strategy, translation method, translation technique and translation transformation. Also, in this paper, we discuss the types of translation, its purposes and the difficulties that translators encounter in the process of translation.