The evolution of materials used in the manufacture of ophthalmic lenses represents a milestone in the history of science applied to visual health. From the early days of glass lenses, which dominated the market for centuries, to the development of polymers such as polycarbonate and contemporary high-performance materials, a transformation has been observed, driven by the pursuit of lightness, strength, and wearer comfort. This article analyzes the historical and scientific trajectory of this evolution, highlighting technological, optical, and safety aspects, based on classic and recent studies from the international literature. The contributions of researchers such as Hecht (2002), who analyzed the classical optics of lenses, are discussed, as well as the advances reported by Smith (2019) on polymers applied to vision. The research demonstrates that the transition from glass to polymers is not limited to a market issue, but reflects significant advances in materials science, social impact, and quality of life.