This reference work, the second of three, brings together extracts from the major writings by Christians and Muslims that reflect their awareness of one another and the attitudes they formed in the years 1500–1700. Organized regionally, it covers five continents and shows the considerable range of the encounters that took place between the followers of the two faiths in these centuries. Over 120 extracts appear here in English, many translated for the first time, with introductions, notes and suggestions for further reading. They represent a wide variety of genres, cultural settings, political contexts, religious persuasions and languages. On the Christian side topics include: theological reflections on the advance of the Ottoman Empire, the ‘discovery’ of communities of Muslims in Africa, Asia and the Americas and the rise of the academic study of Islam. On the Muslim side they include: conversion and interreligious coexistence, theological and legal deliberations on the position and rights of religious minorities, and accounts of military conflict and diplomatic agreements between Christians and Muslims. The introduction provides a historical and geographical summary of Christian–Muslim encounters in the period 1500–1700, a short account of the religious, intellectual and social circumstances in which encounters took place and works were written, and an outline of the main topics of argument.