The purpose of this article is to outline the challenges in determining the contribution of the operating system to the formation of competitive advantages of the enterprise based on the application of resource-based theory. Due to the growing number of publications linking the resources and dynamic capabilities of operations management and sustainable competitive advantages, this article reviews and systematizes the concepts used in the literature to determine the contribution of the operating system to the formation of competitive advantages of the company. The main characteristics of the dynamic capabilities are considered and on this basis the main challenges in the study of factors and causal relationships at the level of the operating system of the enterprise are presented, with an emphasis on the way of choosing independent and result variables, and the determination of causal relationships. Future research in the field of operations management that addresses the outlined challenges could contribute to a more comprehensive and complete study of dynamic capabilities in operations function. The research would be useful both for researchers in the field of operations management and for practitioners looking for sources and reasons for increasing the competitiveness of the companies in which they work.