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Kapal Wap, Laluan Maritim dan Penghantaran Buruh Cina dan Jawa ke Borneo Utara, 1881-1941

Authors: Maureen De Silva; Nursyazwani Binti Edinin;

Kapal Wap, Laluan Maritim dan Penghantaran Buruh Cina dan Jawa ke Borneo Utara, 1881-1941

Abstract

Perkembangan teknologi maritim telah memberi impak signifikan kepada Asia Tenggara. Sebelum kapal wap diperkenalkan, pengembara dan pedagang bergantung kepada kapal layar untuk perjalanan jarak jauh dan perjalanan tersebut menjadi sukar dan membahayakan kerana keadaan cuaca yang tidak dapat diramalkan, terutama semasa perubahan monsun dan angin. Transformasi radikal industri perkapalan yakni dari penggunaan kapal layar kepada kapal wap berjalan seiring dengan kemuncak Revolusi Perindustrian di Eropah, yang menyaksikan perkembangan bukan sahaja perdagangan tetapi juga perluasan wilayah di bawah kawalan Eropah pada era imperialism baru. Pentadbiran Syarikat Borneo Utara British (SBUB) dari tahun 1881 hingga tahun 1941 adalah contoh perluasan wilayah dan dominasi ekonomi Eropah yang menyaksikan kedatangan buruh asing terutama buruh Cina dan Jawa ke Borneo Utara dengan menggunakan kapal wap melalui beberapa laluan maritim untuk memenuhi tuntutan ekonomi Borneo Utara. Berdasarkan penggunaan sumber primer (laporan tahunan, surat dan akhbar kolonial), dan sumber kedua, artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti korelasi antara kegiatan manusia dalam bentuk migrasi tenaga buruh, dan kondisi serta persekitaran maritim terutama dalam penggunaan kapal wap dan laluan maritim. Kajian ini mendapati bahawa terdapat hubung kait antara kedatangan buruh asing dengan aspek maritim di mana isu-isu yang berkaitan dengan laluan maritim, jarak dan jangka waktu perjalanan, kos yang ditanggung, pemilikan kapal, persaingan kuasa dan dasar perlindungan, serta kebersihan atas kapal merupakan antara faktor-faktor dominan yang mempengaruhi penghantaran buruh Cina dan Jawa ke Borneo Utara.

Country
Malaysia
Related Organizations
Keywords

DS597.33-597.34 Sabah. British North Borneo, HE561-971 Shipping, HB1-3840 Economic theory. Demography

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    influence
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    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
2
Average
Average
Average
gold