Graphic notation plays an important role in the development of traditional Chinese music notation. Music notation is the most important method of recording and preserving music, and the study of ancient Chinese music notation can provide a deeper understanding of Chinese musical culture. However, despite the fact that graphic notation is one of the major notation methods preserved in ancient China, there is still limited academic research on the far-reaching importance of graphic notation. Based on this, this research employs a qualitative approach combining historical, functional, and musicological analyses to explore the classification and function of the ancient Chinese graphic notation, as well as the relationship between the ancient Chinese graphic notation and the ancient Chinese musical styles, by reviewing and analysing a number of ancient musical scores, theoretical texts, and treatises. Findings highlight the multifaceted significance of ancient Chinese musical notation in the preservation and understanding of China's musical heritage. The diversity of notation, from Jianzi notation to visual symbols and written descriptions, reflects their adaptability to a wide range of instruments, genres and styles, serving to guide performances, preserve works and support improvisation. Beyond technical performance, these notations serve as tools for music education, preservation of traditional compositions and performance practices, and cultural expressions, bridging the gap between written and aural traditions. Moreover, their consistency with traditional Chinese musical principles, such as pentatonic structure and improvisation, underscores their role in capturing the aesthetic and cultural essence of the era. Taken together, these findings attest to the enduring importance of ancient Chinese musical scores in the understanding and preservation of this rich heritage.