Topological indices play a significant role in mathematical chemistry. Given a graph $\mathcal{G}$ with vertex set $\mathcal{V}=\{1,2,\dots,n\}$ and edge set $\mathcal{E}$, let $d_i$ be the degree of node $i$. The degree-based topological index is defined as $\mathcal{I}_n=$ $\sum_{\{i,j\}\in \mathcal{E}}f(d_i,d_j)$, where $f(x,y)$ is a symmetric function. In this paper, we investigate the asymptotic distribution of the degree-based topological indices of a heterogeneous Erdős-Rényi random graph. We show that after suitably centered and scaled, the topological indices converges in distribution to the standard normal distribution. Interestingly, we find that the general Randić index with $f(x,y)=(xy)^τ$ for a constant $τ$ exhibits a phase change at $τ=-\frac{1}{2}$.