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Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems
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Rudraksh: A compact and lightweight post-quantum key-encapsulation mechanism

Authors: Kundu, Suparna; Ghosh, Archisman; Karmakar, Angshuman; Sen, Shreyas; Verbauwhede, Ingrid;

Rudraksh: A compact and lightweight post-quantum key-encapsulation mechanism

Abstract

Resource-constrained devices such as wireless sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) devices have become ubiquitous in our digital ecosystem. These devices generate and handle a major part of our digital data. However, due to the impending threat of quantum computers on our existing public-key cryptographic schemes and the limited resources available on IoT devices, it is important to design lightweight post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) schemes suitable for these devices.In this work, we explored the design space of learning with error-based PQC schemes to design a lightweight key-encapsulation mechanism (KEM) suitable for resourceconstrained devices. We have done a scrupulous and extensive analysis and evaluation of different design elements, such as polynomial size, field modulus structure, reduction algorithm, and secret and error distribution of an LWE-based KEM. Our explorations led to the proposal of a lightweight PQC-KEM, Rudraksh, without compromising security. Our scheme provides security against chosen ciphertext attacks (CCA) with more than 100 bits of Core-SVP post-quantum security and belongs to the NIST-level-I security category (provide security at least as much as AES-128). We have also shown how ASCON can be used for lightweight pseudo-random number generation and hash function in the lattice-based KEMs instead of the widely used Keccak for lightweight design. Our FPGA results show that Rudraksh currently requires the least area among the PQC KEMs of similar security. Our implementation of Rudraksh provides a ~3x improvement in terms of the area requirement compared to the state-of-the-art areaoptimized implementation of Kyber, can operate at 63%-76% higher frequency with respect to high-throughput Kyber, and improves time-area-product ~2x compared to the state-of-the-art compact implementation of Kyber published in HPEC 2022.

Keywords

FOS: Computer and information sciences, 4604 Cybersecurity and privacy, Computer engineering. Computer hardware, Computer Science - Cryptography and Security, Post-quantum cryptography, Hardware implementation, Information technology, key-encapsulation mechanism, T58.5-58.64, TK7885-7895, Lightweight cryptography, Cryptography and Security (cs.CR), FPGA, Lattice-based cryptography

  • BIP!
    Impact byBIP!
    citations
    This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    3
    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Top 10%
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    Average
    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
3
Top 10%
Average
Average
Green
Published in a Diamond OA journal