<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">THE paper points out the principal basic differences between hydraulic torque converters of various types.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The following designs are described and compared in terms of fundamental design and operating characteristics when combined with a typical power source for the internal-combustion engine: <ol class="list nostyle"> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">1.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Three-stage converters.</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">2.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Single-stage converter couplings.</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">3.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Single-stage outflow stator type.</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">4.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Single-stage inflow stator type.</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">5.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Single-stage stationary housing high utility ratio converter.</div></li></ol></div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The subjects discussed include: basic theory, vane velocity vectors and their influence on torque absorption characteristics, utility ratio, counter head, shutoff, torque equation factors affecting capacity, speed effect on capacity, effect of impeller absorption curve shape on engine speed, split torque effect on engine lug down, converter cooling, push-start devices, and cranking and braking characteristics.</div></div>