<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">A COMPREHENSIVE survey of torque converters — their history, description, characteristics, and applications — is presented in this paper.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Fluid-flow diagrams, performance curves, and diagrammatic sketches accompanying the text illustrate the various types of torque converters most used.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The many advantages of the torque converter transmission listed in this paper are responsible for its wide use in the industrial, military, and both off- and on-highway installations, as well as the familiar city-bus and passenger-car applications described here.</div></div>