Retinal microvascular dysfunction differs in macular edema lesions in the two eyes of the same patient with diabetic retinopathy.To evaluate the relationship between central macular thickness (CMT) and metabolic/systemic factors including anthropometric and laboratory findings, in patients with regressed diabetic retinopathy and a history of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) combined with internal limiting membrane peeling in one eye.Forty-two eyes with PPV and the same patients' fellow 42 eyes (without PPV) included this study. Fasting blood samples of these 42 diabetics were collected to study adiponectin levels and other routine parameters.The average hemoglobinA1c value was 7.3±1.3%. CMT of the vitrectomized eyes were significantly correlated with atherogenic index of plasma, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and uric acid (UA). On the other hand, CMT of the nonvitrectomized fellow eyes significantly correlated with glucose levels and diabetes duration. Adiponectin, adiponectin/body mass index, adiponectin/fibrinogen were found significantly higher in the subgroup with CMT≥300μm in the vitrectomized eyes (P<0.05). UA levels were higher in the subgroup with CMT≥300μm in the fellow (nonvitrectomized) eyes (P<0.05).Although there was no relationship between CMT and hemoglobinA1c values, CMT seemed to be affected by atherogenicity, prooxidant chemical alterations in the course of inflammation, so determination of adiponectin and UA levels may be suggested before surgery to predict the atherosclerotic damage and the postoperative CMT value. Vitrectomy performed at the proper time may be helpful in metabolic remodeling process of the retinal tissue along with life style changes, well control of diabetes, and intraocular treatments.