The study of carbonised and mineralised seeds and fruits, charred wood fragments and plant impressions in building earth from all sectors excavated at Ayios Tychonas-Klimonas provide information on the use of plant resources by the inhabitants of the earliest known village on Cyprus, as well as on the vegetation cover that surrounded the site during the early Holocene. Two species of Pistacia (P. terebinthus and P. atlantica), deciduous oak, olive, buckthorn, hackberry, fig as well as several taxa from the Rosaceae-family (Prunus, Maloideae) were part of Mediterranean woodlands providing useful resources. Besides collecting wood and edible fruits from local trees, Klimonas villagers most likely cultivated cereals as shown by the recurrent use of barley and emmer wheat chaff as a temper in building earth and by the presence of a limited number of charred remains of these same taxa as well as einkorn. While wild barley is indigenous to Cyprus, wheat (emmer and einkorn) was most probably introduced to the island from the mainland Near East where contemporary populations appear to have practiced cultivation of wild progenitors. The presence of cereals at Klimonas constitutes the first evidence of cultivation on the island as well as an early example of Neolithic diffusion in the eastern Mediterranean.