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The Astrophysical Journal Letters
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
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The Astrophysical Journal Letters
Article . 2025
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A Tale of Dynamical Instabilities and Giant Impacts in the Exoplanet Radius Valley

Authors: Sho Shibata; Andre Izidoro;

A Tale of Dynamical Instabilities and Giant Impacts in the Exoplanet Radius Valley

Abstract

Abstract The size distribution of planets with radii between 1R ⊕ and 4R ⊕ peaks near 1.4R ⊕ and 2.2R ⊕, with a dip around 1.8R ⊕—the so-called “radius valley.” Recent statistical analyses suggest that planets within this valley (1.5 < R < 2R ⊕) tend to have slightly higher orbital eccentricities than those outside it. The origin of this dynamical signature remains unclear. We revisit the “breaking the chains” formation model and propose that late dynamical instabilities—occurring after disk dispersal—may account for the elevated eccentricities observed in the radius valley. Our simulations show that subvalley planets (R < 2R ⊕) are generally rocky, while those beyond the valley (R > 2R ⊕) are typically water-rich. Rocky planets that undergo strong dynamical instabilities and numerous late giant impacts have their orbits excited and their radii increased, ultimately placing them into the radius valley. In contrast, the larger, water-rich planets just beyond the valley experience weaker instabilities and fewer impacts, resulting in lower eccentricities. This contrast leads to a peak in the eccentricity distribution within the valley. The extent to which planets in the radius valley are dynamically excited depends sensitively on the orbital architecture before the orbital instability. Elevated eccentricities among radius valley planets arise primarily in scenarios that form a sufficiently large number of rocky planets within 100 days (typically ≳5) prior to instability, and that also host external perturbers (P > 100 days), which further amplify the strength of dynamical instabilities.

Keywords

Planet formation, QB460-466, Exoplanet formation, Exoplanet dynamics, Exoplanet evolution, Extrasolar rocky planets, Astrophysics, Exoplanet systems

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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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