Carbon capture and separation techniques (CCST) play a pivotal role in addressing the pressing challenge of reducing CO2 emissions and mitigating climate change impacts. This review paper provides a detailed examination of various CCST methodologies, focusing on their mechanisms, applications, and importance in the broader context of environmental sustainability. The significance of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) strategies is emphasized as an essential pathway for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Through an in-depth analysis, the paper examines the diverse range of carbon capture technologies, including direct air capture, post-combustion, pre-combustion, and chemical looping. Each technology is scrutinized for its efficiency, scalability, and suitability across different industrial sectors. It also delves into carbon separation technologies, including absorption, adsorption, cryogenic separation, and membrane separation, explaining their mechanisms and applications in CO2 capture. Additionally, the review addresses the economic, regulatory, and environmental implications of CCST implementation, highlighting challenges and opportunities for scaling up these technologies. This paper contributes to a clearer understanding of CCST as a vital tool for combating climate change and achieving sustainable development goals.