New political and economic structures entered our lives with the rise of modern states in continental Europe in the 15th century. The feudal political system’s fragmented and layered authority structure has evolved to a single authority. These crucially important shifts in political life shaped today’s state system. New elements of the state organizational structure have emerged. The state’s use of physical violence, sovereignty in a single authority, taxation, and constitutionalism has gained importance. Modern states felt the need to establish new and professional organizations responsible for ensuring the peace and tranquility of its citizens and security within its borders in order to maintain the society’s stability. This responsibility was given to police organizations to ensure public safety and order in cities. To ensure citizens’ security, police organizations began operating under the authority of the legitimate state system, namely the laws. This study looked at important political scientists and the modern state system. Also discussed was the evolution of police organizations in England, France, and Turkey.