The experiment was conducted to investigate the protective effect of Smilax glabra Roxb. aqueous extract on carbon tetrachloride induced acute liver injury in rats by regulating the nucleotide binding leucine rich repeat receptors family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome. In this study, a rat acute liver injury model was established by a single intraperitoneal injection of 50 % carbon tetrachloride oil solution (1 ml/kg body weight). A total of 50 rats were randomly divided into control group, model group and 3 Smilax glabra Roxb. aqueous extract intervention groups (0.75, 1.5 and 3 g/kg body weight/d). Smilax glabra Roxb. aqueous extract or distilled water was orally administered by gavage once daily for seven consecutive days. Then the blood and liver samples were collected. The results showed that in the 3 intervention Smilax glabra Roxb. aqueous extract groups, the levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase and Alanine aminotransferase, the content of malondialdehyde in rat liver tissues significantly reduced and superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione increased significantly, the liver lobule structures were repaired and the liver cells were aligned in an orderly manner, the expressions of nucleotide binding leucine rich repeat receptors family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome, apoptosis associated speck like protein containing and caspase-1 proteins, Interleukin 1 beta messenger ribonucleic acid was decreased. Smilax glabra Roxb. aqueous extract exerted a protective effect against carbon tetrachloride induced acute liver injury by inhibiting the activation of nucleotide binding leucine rich repeat receptors family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome, which suggest a promising avenue for the exploration of Smilax glabra Roxb. aqueous extract in improving acute liver injury.