Thrombin, a multifunctional serine protease, is a key enzyme in the coagulation cascade. Most of its actions are mediated by a G protein-coupled protease activated receptor (PAR-1) which is highly expressed in glial cells especially after injury (Pompili et al., 2006; Pompili et al., 2011) . In the peripheral nerves thrombin and PAR-1 specific agonist peptides produce changes in nerve conduction compatible with a conduction block. Aim of the present study is to determine if the activation of this receptor affects the neurotrophic properties of Schwann cells. In peripheral nerves PAR-1 was predominantly observed by immunofluorescence on non-compacted Schwann cell microvilli at the node of Ranvier. Moreover, PAR- 1 was highly expressed in Schwann cell cultures obtained from both neonatal and adult rat sciatic nerves. When PAR-1 specific peptides were added to these cultures an increased proliferation rate was observed. The synthesis and secretion of several growth factors by Schwann cells treated with PAR-1 agonist peptides were studied by RT-PCR, western blot and proteomics analyses.