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Debris-flows, mudflows and submerged tree drifting in the plains

Сели и карчеходы на равнинных территориях
Authors: Alexey Yu. Vinogradov; Nikolay A. Kazakov;

Debris-flows, mudflows and submerged tree drifting in the plains

Abstract

Традиционно считается, что сели формируются только в горных районах, а их возникновение на равнинных территориях невозможно. Эти представления об условиях развития и распространения селевых процессов отражены в Российских нормативных документах, определяющих состав инженерных изысканий для строительства: в них как селеопасные и потенциально селеопасные районы выделены только горные территории, а равнинные и холмистые территории показаны как не селеопасные. Таким образом, селевые риски при проектно-изыскательских работах как на большей части территории России, так и в мировой практике, не учитываются и соответственно уязвимость объектов, сооружений и территорий для селей не оценивается ни при разработке градостроительной документации, ни при проектировании объектов и сооружений, ни при развитии рекреационных территорий. Так, при проектировании гидротехнических сооружений рассчитываются нагрузки, создаваемые водными потоками плотностью до 1000 кг/м3, а не грязекаменными, грязевыми и наносоводными потоками плотностью 1100-2000 кг/м3. Результаты проведённых исследований показывают, что наличие, даже на локальных участках, уклонов, превышающих (в зависимости от типа горной породы) 5°-10°, создаёт возможность возникновения на равнинных малых реках несвязных селей (наносоводных потоков). Например, количество таких малых рек в Новгородской области составляет 20%. Наличие на равнинных реках даже локальных участков с уклонами более 100‰, создаёт условия для формирования грязевых и грязекаменных селей. Грязевые и грязекаменные сели малого объёма формируются на равнинных территориях не только в оврагах, но и в руслах постоянных и временных малых водотоков и в эрозионных бороздах на склонах холмов и речных террас. Плотность грязекаменных и грязевых селей небольших объёмов, формирующихся в эрозионных врезах на склонах холмов и речных террас может достигать 2000 кг/м3, наносоводных потоков, проходящих по руслам малых рек, – 1100-1200 кг/м3. Карчеходы, проходящие по мелким водотокам по своему составу являются не водными потоками, а несвязными селями Traditionally, it is believed that debris-flows are formed only in mountainous areas, and their occurrence in flat areas is impossible. These ideas about the conditions for the development and spread of debris-flow processes are reflected in the Russian Technical Regulations that determine the composition of engineering surveys for construction. In these Regulations, debris-flow and potentially debris-flow areas are identified only in mountainous areas, while flat and hilly areas are shown as non-debris-flow. Debris-flow risks are not calculated for flat and hilly areas both in Russia and in other countries. The vulnerability of objects, structures and territories to the impact of debris-flows is not taken into account either in the development of urban planning documentation, or in the design of objects and structures, or in the development of recreational areas. When designing hydraulic engineering and other structures, the loads created by water flows with a density of up to 1000 kg/m3 are calculated, and not by debris-flows, mudflows and suspended streams with a density of 1100-2000 kg/m3. The results of the research show that the presence, even in local areas, of slopes exceeding (depending on the type of rock) 5°-10°, creates the possibility of incoherent debris-flows (suspended streams) on lowland small rivers. For example, the number of such small rivers in the Novgorod region is 20%. The presence of even local sections with slopes of more than 100‰ on flat rivers creates conditions for the formation of debris-flows and mudflows. Debris-flows and mudflows are formed on plains not only in ravines, but also in the beds of permanent and temporary small watercourses and in erosion furrows on the slopes of hills and river terraces. The density of debris-flows and mudflows of small volumes formed in erosion cuts on the slopes of hills and river terraces can reach 2000 kg/m3, and sediment flows passing through the beds of small rivers- 1100-1200 kg/m3. Submerged tree drifting on small watercourses in its composition are not water streams, and the incoherent debris flows.

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Keywords

селевой процесс, submerged tree drifting, debris-flow, submerged tree stump, грязевой сель, грязекаменный сель, критический уклон, plain, critical slope, debris flow process, mudflow, равнина, карчеход, селевой бассейн, suspended stream, наносоводный поток, debris-flow basin, карча

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
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