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Sensors
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
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PubMed Central
Article . 2025
License: CC BY
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T-RAIM for Precise Orbit Determination in LEO-PNT

Authors: Ciro Gioia; Francesco Menzione; Andrea Piccolo; Stefano Casotto; Massimo Bardella;

T-RAIM for Precise Orbit Determination in LEO-PNT

Abstract

The rapid development of Low Earth Orbit Position, Navigation, and Timing (LEO-PNT) constellations presents opportunities to augment Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) with additional signals from Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, thereby improving performance and reliability for users. This research study addresses the challenges posed by the interdependency between LEO and GNSS layers, which can lead to cascading faults. By extending Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)-like capabilities to spaceborne receivers, specifically through Timing Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (T-RAIM), this paper aims to mitigate these risks. This study validates the integration of T-RAIM with advanced Precise Real-Time On-board Orbit Determination (P2OD) techniques in LEO scenarios using a hardware-in-the-loop test environment. The findings demonstrate that the architecture with T-RAIM can maintain nominal positioning and timing accuracy even in the presence of GNSS clock faults, ensuring continuous system functionality without requiring P2OD restarts. This capability is crucial to preventing service interruptions and enhancing the robustness of LEO-PNT solutions. The proposed integration handles the computational load and complexity while accommodating the limited resources of spaceborne receivers, offering a viable and robust LEO-PNT solution. The experimental results show that T-RAIM effectively mitigates the impact of pseudorange ramp errors, maintaining stable clock bias and preserving the integrity of orbit determination and time synchronization.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
1
Average
Average
Average
Green
gold