
The piscivorous cone snail Conus tulipa has evolved a net-hunting strategy, akin to the deadly Conus geographus, and is considered the second most dangerous cone snail to humans. Here, we present the first venomics study of C. tulipa venom using integrated transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. Parallel transcriptomic analysis of two C. tulipa specimens revealed striking differences in conopeptide expression levels (2.5-fold) between individuals, identifying 522 and 328 conotoxin precursors from 18 known gene superfamilies. Despite broad overlap at the superfamily level, only 86 precursors (11%) were common to both specimens. Conantokins (NMDA antagonists) from the superfamily B1 dominated the transcriptome and proteome of C. tulipa venom, along with superfamilies B2, A, O1, O3, con-ikot-ikot and conopressins, plus novel putative conotoxins precursors T1.3, T6.2, T6.3, T6.4 and T8.1. Thus, C. tulipa venom comprised both paralytic (putative ion channel modulating α-, ω-, μ-, δ-) and non-paralytic (conantokins, con-ikot-ikots, conopressins) conotoxins. This venomic study confirms the potential for non-paralytic conotoxins to contribute to the net-hunting strategy of C. tulipa.
Proteomics, Conotoxin, conantokins, QH301-705.5, net hunting strategy, 610, <i>Conus tulipa</i>, Conus tulipa, Intraspecific variation, Article, Mass Spectrometry, venomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, ion channel modulators, Conantokins, Venomics, Animals, nirvana cabal, Amino Acid Sequence, Nirvana cabal, Biology (General), Transcriptomics, 3002 Drug Discovery, Gene Expression Profiling, Conus Snail, Computational Biology, Feeding Behavior, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Net hunting strategy, intraspecific variation, Predatory Behavior, conotoxin, Ion channel modulators, Conotoxins
Proteomics, Conotoxin, conantokins, QH301-705.5, net hunting strategy, 610, <i>Conus tulipa</i>, Conus tulipa, Intraspecific variation, Article, Mass Spectrometry, venomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, ion channel modulators, Conantokins, Venomics, Animals, nirvana cabal, Amino Acid Sequence, Nirvana cabal, Biology (General), Transcriptomics, 3002 Drug Discovery, Gene Expression Profiling, Conus Snail, Computational Biology, Feeding Behavior, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Net hunting strategy, intraspecific variation, Predatory Behavior, conotoxin, Ion channel modulators, Conotoxins
| selected citations These citations are derived from selected sources. This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically). | 28 | |
| popularity This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network. | Top 10% | |
| influence This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically). | Average | |
| impulse This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network. | Top 10% |
