The Aphis gossypii is an important pest that can damage cotton plants and can cause a huge economic loss worldwide. Chemical control is a main method to manage this pest, but the cotton aphid resistance to insecticides has become a severe problem in the management of the cotton aphid. It is important to introduce a novel insecticide for rotational application with other insecticides. Broflanilide, as a meta-diamide insecticide with a special mode of action, showed high efficiency against lepidopterous larvae. However, we found that broflanilide possessed high insecticidal activity against the sap-sucking pest A. gossypii. The susceptibility of A. gossypii to broflanilide from 20 field populations in main cotton planting areas of China in 2021 was determined by the leaf-dipping method. LC50 values of broflanilide to A. gossypii ranged from 0.20 μg mL−1 to 1.48 μg mL−1. The susceptible baseline of A. gossypii to broflanilide was established with the LC50 value of 0.41 μg mL−1 and might be used to calculate the resistance ratio (RR) of cotton aphid population in broflanilide resistance monitoring. The RR value of field populations in China was from 0.49 to 3.61 in 2021. It suggested that the broflanilide may be a potential agent in the resistance management of A. gossypii to insecticides. These results are significantly useful for the rational chemical control of cotton aphids.