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Electronics
Article . 2026 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Crossref
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Intelligent Charging Reservation and Trip Planning of CAEVs and UAVs

Authors: Palwasha W. Shaikh; Hussein T. Mouftah; Burak Kantarci;

Intelligent Charging Reservation and Trip Planning of CAEVs and UAVs

Abstract

Connected and Autonomous Electric Vehicles (CAEVs) and Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are critical components of future Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), yet their deployment remains constrained by fragmented charging infrastructures and the lack of coordinated reservation and trip planning across static, dynamic wireless, and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) charging networks using magnetic resonance and laser-based power transfer. Existing solutions often struggle with misalignment sensitivity, unpredictable arrivals, and disconnected ground–aerial scheduling. This work introduces a three-layer architecture that integrates a handshake protocol for coordinated charging and billing, a misalignment correction algorithm for magnetic resonance and laser-based systems, and three scheduling strategies: Static Heuristic Charging Scheduling and Planning (SH-CSP), Dynamic Heuristic Charging Scheduling and Planning (DH-CSP), and the Safety, Scheduling, and Sustainability-Aware Feasibility-Enhanced Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (SAFE-DDPG). SAFE-DDPG extends vanilla DDPG with feasibility-aware action filtering, prioritized replay, and adaptive exploration to enable real-time scheduling in heterogeneous and congested charging networks. Results show that SAFE-DDPG significantly improves scheduling efficiency, reducing average wait times by over 70% compared to DH-CSP and over 85% compared to SH-CSP, demonstrating its potential to support scalable and coordinated ground–aerial charging ecosystems.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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