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Electronics
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Crossref
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A Novel PVO-Based Multi-Pixel Embedding Reversible Data Hiding Scheme Using the Artificial Lemming Algorithm

Authors: Zhaochuang Lao; Shuyuan Shen; Songsen Yu; Yutong Jiang; Yining Luo; Yongjie Qu; Zihao Feng;

A Novel PVO-Based Multi-Pixel Embedding Reversible Data Hiding Scheme Using the Artificial Lemming Algorithm

Abstract

Pixel value ordering (PVO) is a widely used framework for reversible data hiding (RDH). As the demand for higher embedding capacity continues to grow, achieving a proper balance between capacity and image quality has become increasingly important. In this paper, we propose a novel PVO-based multi-pixel embedding RDH scheme for grayscale images, which improves capacity by embedding multiple bits of data within multiple pixels in each block. A PVO recovery strategy is designed to guarantee reversibility while minimizing image distortion when multiple bits are embedded per block. Moreover, an improved flexible spatial location strategy is introduced, which defines pixel positions within a block using twelve modes. By selecting the optimal mode for each block, the number of expandable prediction errors is increased, further enhancing embedding capacity. In addition, the artificial lemming algorithm (ALA) is employed to optimize embedding parameters, enabling a better balance between capacity and visual quality for a given payload. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves significantly improved embedding capacity while maintaining high image quality, offering a well-balanced performance compared to similar PVO-based schemes.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
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