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Electronics
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Crossref
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Research.fi
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Research.fi
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GNSS Spoofing Modeling and Consistency-Check-Based Spoofing Mitigation with Android Raw Data

Authors: Enrique Takiguchi Medina; Elena Simona Lohan;

GNSS Spoofing Modeling and Consistency-Check-Based Spoofing Mitigation with Android Raw Data

Abstract

Spoofing events are increasingly affecting the performance of devices and operations relying on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs). Developing powerful and robust GNSS spoofing detection and mitigation algorithms is an important endeavor in the GNSS community nowadays; some of the challenges in this field are limited access to spoofing measurement data, as spoofing over wireless channels is not legally allowed and in-lab spoofing emulators are not necessarily able to precisely capture the effects of radio channels, and the fact that classical Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring approaches are typically quite complex, especially when dealing with complex or targeted spoofers. Our paper addresses these two challenges, first, by proposing a targeted spoofing model with a variable number of spoofed satellites, starting from Android raw pseudorange measurements, and second, by introducing a consistency-check-based iterative approach for spoofing detection and mitigation. We test our solution in various dynamic scenarios (bus, walk, ferry, car, flight, and bike), and we show that the positioning error correction rates depend on the number of spoofing pseudorandom (PRN) codes, as well as on the spoofing error introduced by our model. We also show that a large part of the spoofing errors can be mitigated with the proposed algorithms if the number of spoofed satellites (or pseudoranges) is sufficiently low with respect to the total number of visible satellites.

Countries
Spain, Finland
Keywords

global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs), Raw Android data, Spoofing, Global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs), GNSSlogger, raw Android data, Measurements, spoofing, measurements, 213

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
1
Average
Average
Average
Green
gold