With the rapid development of information technology, the security of images has emerged as a significant area of research. This study presents an algorithm that integrates chaotic image encryption and a convolutional neural network (CNN) to enhance security and efficiency. The algorithm applies the properties of randomness and nonlinear mapping of chaotic sequences with the advanced feature extraction capabilities of a CNN model to achieve robust image encryption. First, we outline the fundamentals of chaotic image encryption and CNN. Chaotic image encryption employs chaotic sequence generation and nonlinear mapping to scramble pixel values for encryption purposes, while a CNN, as a deep-learning model with a local perceptual field and weight sharing, effectively extracts high-level image features. Subsequently, we provide a detailed description of the specific steps involved in combining chaotic image encryption and the CNN. These steps include chaotic sequence generation, pixel value mapping, feature extraction, and key management. The algorithm achieves high-strength encryption by performing dissimilarity operations between the chaotic sequence and image pixel values, as well as extracting high-level image features using the CNN. Finally, we conduct experimental evaluations of the algorithm and compare it with traditional chaotic image encryption methods. The experimental results demonstrate that the image encryption algorithm exhibits significant improvements in encryption quality and security while offering advantages in computational performance and encryption/decryption speed.